Report of panel sessions highlighting: (1) current regulatory policies encouraging integrated planning, (2) specific regulations and utility programs that are guiding the development of integrated DSM-T&D planning, and (3) results and lessons learned from utility projects and case studies.

This report describes the Delta Planning Areas, one of approximately 200 distribution planning areas in Pacific Gas & Electric's service territory. It's estimates show that the present value of local T&D expenditures can be reduced from $112 million to $76 million by the intensive use of energy-efficient programs.

A comprehensive guide to using such equipment in residential and small commercial buildings, this manual describes methods for selecting, installing, and operating heat pump systems. In addition, it provides methods for comparing heat pump energy use and economics with those of other space-conditioning units.

The brochure describes Powermiser, the first integrated heat pump available with modes specifically designed for site-built and manufactured homes. Key features include space heating and cooling that meet or exceed 1992 U.S. Department of Energy standards and low-cost water heating year-round on demand. Powermiser offers improved customer comfort by providing warmer air at start-up, more uniform air temperature, and mid season dehumidification.

Two major federal programs may soon place even greater demands on the lighting industry. This report assesses the program-induced demand for efficient lighting products and their likely near-term supply.

Lighting consumes 6% of primary energy in the residential sector. If customers used compact fluorescent lamps instead of inefficient incandescent lamps, a substantial amount of energy could be saved. This report reviews utility programs to encourage efficient residential lighting and evaluates the success of those programs.

Residential lighting, 10% of residential electric load in the United States, is dominated by incandescent lamps despite the availability of more efficient light sources with longer service lives. In contrast, compact fluorescent lamps dominate the residential lighting market in Japan. The study looks into the reasons for the vastly different lamp markets in the two countries.

Compact fluorescent lamps last up to 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs and use far less energy, but customers in the residential lighting market currently perceive that their drawbacks outweigh their benefits. Interviews with residential customers indicate the need for improvements in compact fluorescent lighting products and energy-efficient residential lighting programs.

This report assesses industry literature, defines the current state of the art in duct leakage measurement, and makes recommendations on duct leakage testing.

WATSIM allows the user to study the effects of a large number of design and control variables, with trillions of input combinations possible. A simple-to-use menu system makes changing inputs easy, and default values are provided for all inputs. This manual includes chapters on getting started with WATSIM, beginning, intermediate, and advanced tutorials, and model verification. It also includes six appendices, two figures, and three tables.

This brochure describes indoor air cleaners, cleaning surfaces that work in conjunction with fans to capture air contaminants trapped indoors by insulation. The 14-page brochure is written for the residential customer. It contains tables which compare purchase and operating costs of different units, and the range in size of particles from viruses to face powder. It lists the three main types of cleaners - media filter, electronic, and gaseous - and explains how they work.

Concentrations of Indoor Pollutants (CIP) Database includes citations to literature and field studies on indoor air quality. A bibliographic section includes 443 references to literature from peer-reviewed journals, government sources, EPRI and National Technical Information Service reports, and conference proceedings. The CIP Version 4.0 is an update of a database distributed by the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. The database, which runs on IBM and compatible microcomputers, contains bibliographic and abstract information, as well as numerical data. The database is menu-driven, and records can be searched by pollutant name, author, keyword, building type, year, country, state, title and region. Benefits and features are listed.

This product brochure describes a new, highly-efficient water loop heat pump (WLHP) developed by EPRI and the Trane Company. The new technology, designed to efficiently heat and cool commercial buildings, combines current WLHP advantages like low start-up cost, reliability, and design and installation flexibility with improvements such as high energy efficiency, simplified maintenance, reduced noise and better air distribution and quality. The brochure contains detailed explanations of how WLHPs work, and includes color diagrams of both the standard WLHP operation and the advanced WLHP.

For Utilities and customers, WLHPs keep generating costs low through demand and load control. This brochure includes a system description, applications for specific building types such as hotels, and design considerations. Four case studies and a list of related EPRI publications are included.

This handbook offers a single source of information for understanding CFC and HCFC phaseout issues and selection of large-capacity water chillers for cooling commercial buildings. Written for a diverse audience, the handbook covers hardware, function, performance, and installed costs for electric and gas-fired chillers. It also provides guidelines and checklists for economic comparison, operation, and maintenance.

This type of system provides a low-first-cost, versatile, and energy-efficient approach to space conditioning commercial buildings that have simultaneous heating and cooling loads.

This report describes the practical lessons of experience from ongoing commercial sector DSM programs. Such lessons can help utilities design and deliver DSM programs at lower cost, with fewer implementation problems and greater customer acceptance.

In an increasingly competitive market, utilities are stepping up efforts to implement demand-side management (DSM) programs that benefit both the utility and its customers. Programs designed to influence customer electricity use to change the utility's daily load shape have included interruptible load programs, and a variety of others.

A number of electric utilities in the United States are investigating Real-time Pricing (RTP) rate structures as a means of giving their larger customers an economic incentive to reduce their electric usage during periods when the utility's cost of providing power is high. Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) and Consolidated Edison are two of these utilities.

Plasma arc heaters are electrical resistance heaters where the resistive element is the electrically-conductive partially ionized gas between two electrodes. Whereas plasma arcs occur in nature as sudden lightning discharges, plasma arc heaters provide a continuously-controlled electrical arc discharge. The unique advantage for the application of plasma arc technology include: gas environment control, gas-flow rate control, fine particle feed capability, high temperature, high energy fluxes, rapid quenching, and no products of combustion.

This report presents the results of research to evaluate Ion Beam Assisted Deposition (IBAD) for applying zinc and zinc-iron coatings to carbon steel. IBAD is a dry process essentially free from environmental problems. Another unique feature of the process is that it can deposit any metal or alloy onto metal surfaces. The report recommends that additional static tests should be conducted and consideration be given to conducting pilot line trials to determine the potential of applying this coating method to high-speed industrial coil coating lines.

Until recently, used foundry sand, amounting to over 7 million tons annually, was disposed of primarily by dumping in landfills. However, the number of available landfills is decreasing while disposal costs have been increasing each year. Consequently foundries are now examining sand reclamation methods in order to avoid the environmental problems and economics associated with disposal. This report represents the results of a performance evaluation of the Castec "Thermpak" electric indirect radiant-heated sand reclaimer. An energy and economic evaluation are also provided.

This report presents the results of a study to evaluate practices for controlling or reducing nitrogen in EAF-produced steels. Overall, the study concluded that nitrogen content can be reduced through an increase in carbon monoxide evolution sustained by oxygen injection and carbon additions.

This project investigated the feasibility of using high-intensity electric infrared (IR) heating in the solution heat treatment of cast-aluminum wheels. It was expected that this technology would overcome drawbacks found in conventional gas-fired or electric-resistance furnaces and its implementation would reduce cost and improve quality.

Intersteel Technologies developed the CONSTEEL process in the mid-1980s. Based on the results obtained from a prototype installation at another steelmaking facility, Florida Steel, a Duke Power customer, installed the first CONSTEEL electric furnace. The CONSTEEL process continuously charges scrap to the furnace via an enclosed conveyor system. The hot furnace waste gases move counter-current to the scrap direction transferring a portion of their energy to the scrap. The carbon monoxide emanating from the electric arc furnace undergoes combustion as the gases flow through the preheater

Electric infrared technologies provide fast and efficient heating. Drying, and curing capabilities in a wide variety of applications. Compared with convection oven processing, electric infrared methods greatly improve energy efficiency, speed, and control. Infrared processes supply heat primarily by radiation, so they are ideally suited for manufacturers involved in drying and curing coatings, paints, inks, and adhesive; and drying paper, textiles, filter media, etc.

Powder coating is a relatively new method that is making a major impact in the finishing industry. It offers manufacturers increased economic benefits and superior quality while meeting all environmental regulations. Powder coating is a modern technology that allows end-use manufacturers to precisely engineer their finishing operations while eliminating many of the traditional problems caused by solvents, such as runs, sags, solvent popping etc. One of the most significant advantages of powder coating is that there is a minimum requirement for makeup air to the coating booth.

The Packaging Corporation of America (PCA) needed to find a way to fully utilize its existing paper machine to produce sheets of uniformly dry linerboard. Infrared dryers, placed on the top and front of the paper machine, reduce the moisture content in the linerboard's edges without over-drying the center. The final moisture profile across the sheet varies by less than one percent.

Atlantic Gelatin's examination of the feasibility of using a membrane ultrafiltration (UF) system to concentrate the gelatin led to improved product quality, reduced energy use, and a cleaner environment. The spiral-wound UF membrane systems at Atlantic Gelatin remove water from the gelatin solution using less energy than the tripe-effect evaporators they replaced. A new combination of a UF and reverse osmosis unit is being installed to lower the biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand levels in Atlantic Gelatin's waste water and to increase the amount of reclaimed water.

Ultrasound, or ultrasonic energy, promises significant benefits to the textile industry through improvements in two vital areas -- cost of manufacturing and solutions to environmental impact problems. Cost of manufacturing would be reduced through the improved quality and speed of processing. Significant environmental benefits would be realized because of the reductions in requirements for energy, water, and processing chemicals.

This report concentrates on the relation between equipment, operating practices, etc., and energy consumption.

DOE Materials:

Order copies from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, (615) 576-8401, or the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22161.

A survey of member utilities identified 77 separate applications of PV in use by these utilities. The report discusses the applications and alternatives and some of associated costs.

This report captures ten years of monitoring by EPRI of 35 different PV installations, their performance and the lessons learned during that time period. This would be an excellent document to use to develop a design/purchase specification from for a utility considering PV power.

This document describes EPRI's work in evaluating the use of PV as a power source for sectionalizing switches versus conventional approaches.

Volume 1 - "Description of the Gardner, Massachusetts, Twenty-First-Century PV Community and Research Program" 3/90

In a recent EPRI study, high saturation of well-designed residential rooftop photovoltaic arrays and power conditioners produced no detrimental effect on distribution feeder operations. The tools developed during the study can help utilities avoid problems in feeder operation, protection, and control.

Volume 2 - "Analysis Methods and Results" 9/91

Volume 3 - "Monitoring Results" 1/92

This report presents the results of continuous monitoring of the residential application of distributed power when maintained through utility practices versus customer owned and operated.

This report documents Hawaiian Electric's experience with early wind turbines installed on the big island of Hawaii and problems encountered.

This is a brief report that discusses European wind machine development.

This report identifies information, available from developers, that can be applied to utility electric energy and capacity issues. It also addresses potential integration concerns and associated planning concepts.

DOE Materials:

A good overview of future improvements in wind technology and the prospects for utility applications.

Potential improvements in several wind subsystems leading to improved cost and performance of overall wind technology.

Status report on the Department of Energy Advanced Turbine Program.

A preliminary report on application of a utility probabilistic production cost model to evaluate the operational and capital savings due to wind deployment in a power system.

An industry developed guide to siting and installation of wind turbine systems.

Wind/diesel systems are a potentially attractive option to reduce the cost of energy in village and remote power systems. The UMASS code allows analytical projection of the expected cost savings.

An excellent source book on wind turbine technology.

Reviews many applications for small wind turbines such as village electrification, water pumping, grid extension, battery charging and cathodic protection.

Using the guidelines and data developed from 240 representative cases, utility engineers can make preliminary estimates of the performance of alternative energy conversion systems proposed for specific geothermal sites. This approach can reduce the cost and scope of initial engineering studies.

Binary-cycle technology could almost double the electric energy yield from known hydrothermal resources. The 45-MWe Heber geothermal demonstration plant --now in a three-year test and demonstration program -- has successfully passed through a series of feasibility studies, design stages, and field experiments that show its promise to tap these resources.

This study represents the first attempt to characterize the U.S. geothermal-hydrothermal resource from well data. The report contains field test data on more than 500 geothermal wells and includes statistical analyses of key well parameters. Utilities can use the information in planning and engineering analysis.

WHSIM, the EPRI simulator-analyzer for modular wellhead binary-cycle power systems, performs static and dynamic evaluations of control system logic, configuration alternatives, component failure impacts, and varying parameters for a spectrum of geothermal field conditions. This capability will be critical in the development of modular wellhead power systems and in transferring this technology to bottoming cycle operations.

EPRI tested and documented slim hole drilling as a geothermal resource evaluation method. The results of this work confirm that lower cost reservoir evaluations can be performed using slim hole methods. On the basis of this report's probabilistic reservoir size estimate, the Kilauea East Rift Zone on the island of Hawaii could support 100-300 MWe of geothermal power capacity.

Modular 10-unit, 5-MW wellhead plants, using 350 degree F brine and binary-cycle geothermal technology, can be competitive with alternative power sources. For such plants to be cost-effective, however, utility customers must purchase brine energy at about $1 per million Btu.

This report describes the basic concept of developing a biomass resource for the purpose of sequestering carbon in arid regions and oceanic options. This is a good first look document that provides a basic understanding of the opportunities for the concept.

This report attempts to provide the reader with a current analysis of biomass resource types, availability, and quantities by state and conversion process available to develop these resources.

This report provides the reader with the basics of co-firing alternate fuels in existing fossil-fuel combustion processes. Issues such as fuel handling, process, combustion, and emissions are addressed.

Biomass, waste fuels, and power technologies based on advanced combustion and gasification show promise for renewable baseload generation. Utilities can use the results of this study to evaluate the potential performance and cost of biomass and waste fuel-fired power plants in their systems and examine fuel use in integrated resource plants.

The Molten Salt Electric Experiment assembled and tested the first full-system experiment of a solar central receiver plant employing molten nitrate salt as the heat transport fluid and thermal storage medium. This report focuses on the last two phases of the project: testing/operation and evaluation. Overall project data will help utilities evaluate the central receiver concept's technical status and potential as a renewable source of electricity.

Solar central-receiver technology, if technically successful and economically competitive, could be a viable generation option for utilities in the nation's sunny regions. Experiences gained during the initial phases of this pilot plant, including input from participants outside the utility industry, add insight and perspective on this technology.

The developmental status and conceptual design and economics of the following refuse-to-electricity technologies were assessed: mass burning of municipal solid waste in a dedicated boiler; preparation of coarse refuse-derived fuel (RDF) and firing in a dedicated boiler; preparation of wet RDF and firing in a dedicated boiler; preparation of fluff RDF and co-firing with coal in a utility boiler; and preparation of dust RDF and co-firing with coal in a utility boiler.

The declining availability of sanitary landfill sites has prompted interest in using municipal refuse, along with coal or oil, as fuel for electric utility boilers. These guidelines show utilities how to co-fire refuse-derived fuels and how to estimate the impact of co-firing on power plant operation, performance, and economics.

Co-firing tire-derived fuel with coal in utility boilers is a potentially economic method of disposal for the growing volume of scrap automotive tires in the United States. These conference proceedings, which address waste tire disposal for the growing volume of scrap automotive tires in the United States. These conference proceedings, which address waste tire disposal issues as well as tire-derived fuel preparation and test firing in utility boilers, will be of interest to utilities considering use of tire-derived fuel for power generation.

Despite total capital requirements on the order of $5,000/kW, waste-to-energy plants are viable economic projects when payments for disposal exceed $80/ton, as they have in the Northeast, Minnesota, and Florida. Utilities that may receive all or part of such "tipping fees" can use this report to screen the technology, performance, and economics of municipal solid waste (MSW) waste-to-energy projects.

New waste-to-energy power plants provide clean combustion and disposal of municipal solid waste while generating electricity as the most important by-product. However, permitting delays and failures have occurred.

This report summarizes the research and technology transfer activities for fiscal years 1992 and 1993.

Volume 1 examines current mitigation practices and provides information on the types and frequency of mitigation methods in use, environmental benefits and effectiveness, and costs. Volume 2 is a case study analysis of currently used fish passage and protection mitigation measures at 16 operating hydropower projects.

Volume 1 examines current mitigation practices and provides information on the types and frequency of mitigation methods in use, environmental benefits and effectiveness, and costs. Volume 2 is a case study analysis of currently used fish passage and protection mitigation measures at 16 operating hydropower projects.

This report summarizes the research and technology transfer activities for fiscal years 1992 and 1993.

This report details the development of the Hydropower Evaluation Software, the data requirements, and application to the 12 states assessed to date.

This comprehensive study highlights the issues addressed and techniques used to assess repowering options at Unit 7 of Public Service Electric & Gas Company's Burlington station. Assessments of alternatives for repowering this residual oil-fired, steam electric unit with gas turbines can be helpful to other utilities investigating repowering possibilities.

This report presents the results of the enhanced version of the small signal stability program (SSSP) for state-of-the-art analysis of small power system signal oscillations.

This report documents research related to electrical effects associated with transmission lines on nearby objects and was done at the request of member utilities.

This report discusses laboratory and field studies on first chemical identification of ions present under high-voltage dc transmission lines.

This report is a study of the R&D needed to build converter stations for HVDC transmission lines.

This report pinpoints the effects of individual design parameters on insulator performance.

This report describes a new fault detection device which will enable utilities to locate the site of ground faults and short circuits on high-voltage dc lines.

This report describes a new testing system which demonstrates fully controlled exposure to air ions and DC electrical fields.

This report describes the requirements of a computer program for long-term power system simulation that will satisfy these user needs.

The study results indicate that switched series capacitor compensation is a cost-effective way of increasing the interface transfer capability by 500 MW when compared with shunt compensation or construction of 500-kV transmission lines.

This study indicates that FACTS devices are economically competitive with conventional solutions in many cases under generic constraints.

This report investigates generator rotor heating caused by geomagnetically-induced currents (GICs) and recommends methods of reducing the effect of GICs on protection systems.

This report describes the Transmission Limitation Program and how it can assist in the preparation of power flow studies.

At this workshop, attendees reviewed the topics of transmission loss analysis and identification, for both capacity loss and energy loss, and prioritized research needs.

This conference provided up-to-date information on improving loadability of transmission lines.

This analytical study compares the effects on the electric power system of solar storm geomagnetically induced currents and the magnetohydrodynamic electromagnetic pulse from a nuclear burst.

This report studies the equipment and control requirements for operating high-voltage transmission systems at significantly increased power transfer levels.

This report details a computer program which more accurately predicts the generation and spread of potentially harmful harmonic distortions in bulk electric power.

This report details an Interactive Power Flow program which assists in the preparation of power flow studies.

This report details how to design neutral conductors for maximum cost-effectiveness and includes calculations of circulating current losses and ampacities for commonly used cables.

This report provides magnetic field data for one cable configuration and documents the need for additional research.

In this conference, an international group of experts shared perspectives on voltage problems and suggested ways to stimulate research.

This report suggests that development of equations that determine the electrical characteristics of pipeline coatings will help utility engineers to accurately predict induced voltages and currents.

A report on helping utility planners develop more reliable and cost-efficient transmission lines and substations.

This report describes the DC revenue-metering device which has been developed to measure the flow of DC energy from or into a high-voltage converter station.

This Report details analyses for a 118-bus system which shows that decomposition techniques for determining equipment installation and operating costs can solve complex power system planning problems.

This study details flashover tests on contaminated dc insulators which pinpoints the effects of individual design parameters on insulator performance.

This report presents the results of a device that converts AC to DC which will make DC power delivery more economical over shorter distances.

This report documents interference on overhead transmission lines along existing rights-of-way occupied by railroad systems.

Workshop attendees reviewed the topics of transmission loss analysis and identification, for both capacity loss and energy loss, and prioritized research needs.

This report details EPRI's Integrated Utility Communications (IUC) program which enables diverse systems to share data.

This report presents the results of a study on transmission and distribution system transformers made of ferromagnetic amorphous metals.

This report presents findings on electrokinetic effects in power transformers.

This report is a revised version of the transmission line optimization task module.

At this seminar, utility engineers had an opportunity to review five EPRI projects that have produced procedures and computer programs to assist in voltage--VAR management.

This manual is the third release in the TLWorkstation software package which can help designers calculate lightning flashover rates and select the most cost-effective transmission line designs. It includes a master code for easy access to all programs in the series.

This document describes an advanced procedure for optimizing the size and location of VAR sources on utility power networks which can, in turn, reduce voltage-support costs and save engineering and computer time.

Revision 1"

This Manual explains a new computer program, incorporating design variables and costs, and is available to help utilities select the optimal transmission line design.

Experts from diverse fields including biology, materials science, and power conversion attended a workshop to explore further research uses for the ETM.

This report presents the results of superconducting magnetic energy storage plants using high-temperature superconductors.

This report details fundamental research carried out in three technical areas to improve SMES component performance and cost.

This report concludes that further research and development are needed to make capital costs competitive with those of commercially available storage technologies.

This study examined the economic value of SMES from the electric utilities' perspective. Economic values were estimated for three different cases.

This report reviews the technology options available for converting DC power produced by fuels cells, batteries, magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) to AC.

Dispersed storage and generation technologies provide utilities increasing amounts of electricity from unconventional sources. New computer codes help utilities integrate these technologies into daily system operations.

This report details results of a study of transmission expansion planning.

This is a one page bulletin discussing the major benefits of electric vehicles to utilities and their customers, including cleaner air, less reliance on foreign oil, and increased utility earnings through direct energy sales, business alliances, and economic development.

This is a one page bulletin describing the success of Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc. (Con Edison) in demonstrating to its customers the viability of electric vehicles (EVs), an increasingly important transportation option as clean air legislation takes effect.

This report describes the basic concept of developing a biomass resource for the purpose of sequestering carbon in arid regions and oceanic options. This is a good first look document that provides a basic understanding of the opportunities for the concept.

This project examined the feasibility of growing wild, salt-tolerant plants or halophytes to sequester carbon from the atmosphere. Field experiments using seawater to irrigate halophytes in a coastal desert site demonstrated growth comparable to high-yielding forestry and agricultural biomass crops. In addition, irrigation requirements and other costs of production fell within the range of conventional crops.

The objectives of this project are to: (1) develop an evaportranspiration model with minimal leaching fractions or discharge to the aquifer; (2) evaluate specific halophyte species, irrigation methods and monitoring procedures; (3) work with state officials directed by Arizona Public Service to meet the needs of the regulatory agencies for reuse of water sources; (4) evaluate the ability of halophytes for salt and metal removal from the irrigation supply; (5) collect and evaluate local species of halophyte from the Four Corners Power Plant to lower saline water content; and (6) monitor seasonal fluctuations in water quality and output of seeps with vegetative cover at the Four Corners site.

This report discusses the use of reforestation for carbon offset and the need for additional research to expand the concept for utility consideration.

This report describes the basic concept of developing a biomass resource for the purpose of sequestering carbon in arid regions and oceanic options. This is a good first look document that provides a basic understanding of the opportunities for the concept.

This project examined the feasibility of growing wild, salt-tolerant plants or halophytes to sequester carbon from the atmosphere. Field experiments using seawater to irrigate halophytes in a coastal desert site demonstrated growth comparable to high-yielding forestry and agricultural biomass crops. In addition, irrigation requirements and other costs of production fell within the range of conventional crops.

The objectives of this project are to: (1) develop an evaportranspiration model with minimal leaching fractions or discharge to the aquifer; (2) evaluate specific halophyte species, irrigation methods and monitoring procedures; (3) work with state officials directed by Arizona Public Service to meet the needs of the regulatory agencies for reuse of water sources; (4) evaluate the ability of halophytes for salt and metal removal from the irrigation supply; (5) collect and evaluate local species of halophyte from the Four Corners Power Plant to lower saline water content; and (6) monitor seasonal fluctuations in water quality and output of seeps with vegetative cover at the Four Corners site.

This report gathers data on landfills around the country for evaluation as a fuel cell fuel supply.