Climate Challenge Participation Accord

DOE's Energy Partnerships for a Strong Economy

This Participation Accord describes the commitments that Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. (including its subsidiaries Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. and Maui Electric Company, Limited) and the U.S. Department of energy (DOE) have made to participate in the Climate Challenge Program in pursuit of the President's goals for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The Climate Challenge Program is a joint, voluntary effort of DOE and the electric utility industry to reduce, avoid or sequester greenhouse gas emissions. The framework of the Climate Challenge Program was established in the Climate Challenge Memorandum of Understanding and exhibits thereto dated April 20, 1994 (The Climate Challenge Program MOU) (see Attachment A to this Participation Accord).

I. Utility Commitments

A. 1. Consistent with paragraph II.B.l.a. of the Climate Challenge Program MOU, Hawaiian Electric Company will participate in the Utility Forest Carbon Management Program (UFCMP), a Climate Challenge industry initiative. Hawaiian Electric Company has contributed $5,000 to aid startup of the program, and has thus far contributed an additional $ 10,000 to pay for implementation of actual forestry projects. Hawaiian Electric Company will evaluate annually whether further project contributions will be made. This commitment is further detailed in Attachment B.

2. Consistent with paragraphs II.B.1.d., II.B.1.e., and II.B.1.f of the Climate Challenge Program MOU, Hawaiian Electric Company:

a. Will limit, through the year 2000, CO₂ emissions per kWh from Company owned fossil fuel generating units to 1.76 lbs CO₂/kWh, calculated as a weighted system average;

b. Will cumulatively avoid 380,000 tons of CO₂ emissions by the end of the year 2000 through demand side management (DSM) programs;

c. Will annually purchase or produce at least 500,000 MWh of renewable energy, resulting in a five-year cumulative avoidance of 2,200,000 tons of CO₂ through the year 2000;

d. Has undertaken or will undertake the following actions to reduce, avoid or sequester greenhouse gas emissions:

(i) Transmission and Distribution Projects;
(ii) Renewable Energy Research, Development and Demonstration and Studies;
(iii) Local Forestry Management Programs;

-- Restoration of native Hawaiian Plant Species
-- Arbor Day Tree Giveaway
-- Hawaii's Urban Forestry Conference

(iv) Electric Vehicle and Transportation Programs;
(v) Education and Information Programs;
(vi) Research Investments.

These commitments are further detailed in Attachment B. Accounting for commitments a, b, and c shall be calculated using the method specified in Attachment C to this accord.

B. Hawaiian Electric Company will report annually on activities and achievements under the Climate Challenge Program. Results achieved during each year shall be reported in a clear and understandable manner that is consistent with the guidelines adopted pursuant to subsection 1605(b) of the Energy Policy Act and with the Climate Challenge accounting protocols in Exhibit B of the Climate Challenge MOU. The first such report may include a description of the activities and achievements of Hawaiian Electric Company prior to its becoming a participant in the Program, expressed on an annual basis to the extent possible.

C. Hawaiian Electric Company will confer with DOE on or before December 31, 1998 to evaluate jointly the progress of Hawaiian Electric Company in achieving its Climate Challenge Program goals and to discuss possible adjustments to its voluntary commitments.

D. The Climate Challenge Program representative for Hawaiian Electric Company will be:

Ms. Patricia Uyehara Wong, Esq.
Manager, Environmental Department
Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc.
P.O. Box 2750
Honolulu, Hawaii 96840

Hawaiian Electric Company agrees to notify DOE prior to or, in any event, no later than 30 days after any change in the contact.

II. DOE Commitments

A. DOE's commitments to Hawaiian Electric Company are those set out in section III of the Climate Challenge Program MOU, which are hereby incorporated in this Participation Accord by reference.

B. DOE will consider Hawaiian Electric Company requests to intervene in regulatory proceedings of federal, state and local commissions and boards on issues pertinent to the Climate Challenge Program. Before DOE intervenes in regulatory and other proceedings pertaining to Hawaiian Electric Company for purposes of addressing Climate Challenge Program issues, it will provide notice to Hawaiian Electric Company.

C. DOE will provide an annual report to Hawaiian Electric Company describing the actions that it has taken to fulfill its commitments under section III and Exhibit C of the Climate Challenge Program MOU and the results of those actions.

D. The Climate Challenge Program representative for DOE, who will serve as liaison to Hawaiian Electric Company, will be:

Mr. Larry Mansueti
Director, Climate Challenge Program
Office of Utility Technologies
Department of Energy, Room 6B-128 (EE-10)
1000 Independent Avenue SW
Washington, DC 20585

DOE agrees to notify Hawaiian Electric Company prior to or, in any event, no later than 30 days after any change in liaison responsibilities or personnel.

III. General Provisions

A. Use of DOE-developed materials by Hawaiian Electric Company will be governed by the provisions of section IV the Climate Challenge Program MOU, which are hereby incorporated in this Participation Accord by reference.

B. In addition to the foregoing provisions, DOE and Hawaiian Electric Company agree to act in accordance with the general principles set out in section I of the Climate Challenge Program MOU and the general provisions set out in subsections V.A-V.D, V.F and V.G of the Climate Challenge Program MOU, which are hereby incorporated by reference.

C. Either party may withdraw from this Participation Accord or any of its activities under the Climate Challenge Program without penalty and without being subject to remedies at law or equity.

(signed) T. Michael May
President, Hawaiian Electric company, Inc.

(signed) Secretary of Energy (or designee)
U.S. Department of Energy

Attachments: Attachment A - Climate Challenge Program MOU and exhibits

Attachment B - Hawaiian Electric Climate Challenge Program
Attachment C - Method of Accounting for Climate Challenge Commitments

I. Industry Greenhouse Gas Reduction Initiative

Utility Forest Carbon Management Program

II. Hawaiian Electric Company Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Activities

A. Fossil Fuel Generating Unit Efficiency Improvement

1. New Power Generation
2. Existing Generation

B. Demand-Side Management Measures

1. Commercial and Industrial Energy Efficiency Programs
2. Commercial and Industrial Custom Rebate Program
3. Commercial and Industrial New Construction Program
4. Residential Efficient Water Heating Program (existing customers)
5. Residential Efficient Water Heating Program (new construction)

C. Renewable Energy Generation

D. Other Hawaiian Electric Company Greenhouse Gas Reduction Activities

1. Transmission and Distribution Efficiency Improvements
2. Renewable Energy Studies and Promotions
3. Local Forestry Management Programs
4. Transportation Programs
5. Education and Information Programs
6. Research Investments

Hawaiian Electric[1] has elected to participate and will continue to participate in the Utility Forest Carbon Management Program (UFCMP). This industry initiative proposes to establish a coordinated electric utility plan to manage CO₂ and other greenhouse gases through sponsorship of a variety of forestry projects. The nonprofit corporation called UtiliTree Carbon Company was established in the latter part of 1995 to sponsor projects identified by the UFCMP[2]. Thus far, Hawaiian Electric has contributed $5,000 to pay for UFCMP startup costs, and $10,000 to support UtiliTree projects through the year 2000. Based on a projection that the UtiliTree projects will sequester a total of 2.2 million tons of CO₂ per year, Hawaiian Electric's $10,000 contribution will provide the equivalent of sequestering an average 12,260 tons of CO₂ per year (a cumulative 61,300 tons by end of 2000). Further contributions to UtiliTree projects may be made by Hawaiian Electric; this will be evaluated on an annual basis.

The production of greenhouse gas emissions is a direct result of the use of fossil fuels. Hawaiian Electric's greenhouse gas emission control strategy focuses on three major areas:

• improving the efficiency of fossil fuel generating units,
• reducing energy demand, and
• using renewable energy sources.

Hawaiian Electric's efforts in each of these areas are described below.

A. Fossil Fuel Generating Unit Efficiency Improvement

To meet our commitment of limiting CO₂ emissions per kWh from fossil fuel generating units to 1.76 lbs CO₂/kWh, calculated as a weighted system average, Hawaiian Electric intends to do the following:

1. New Power Generation:

Continued load growth will require Hawaiian Electric to add new generation capacity despite DSM measures. For its large generation facilities, Hawaiian Electric continuously seeks to phase in cleaner, more efficient generation systems such as combined cycle combustion turbines. The higher efficiency units are used for both peaking and new baseload service to meet the generation capacity needs brought on by the retirement of less efficient units or system load growth. Two combined cycle combustion turbines were placed in service on Maui in 1992 and 1993, respectively, and Hawaiian Electric is in the process of permitting additional combined cycle turbines on the Big Island. The Maui combined cycle turbines produce roughly 10 percent less CO₂ per kWh than existing Maui steam boiler generators.

Hawaiian Electric will continue to examine the use of alternate fuels and technologies which could provide fuel flexibility, improve efficiencies, and reduce emissions. The fuels include liquefied natural gas (LNG), micronized coal, coal gas, Orimulsion, methanol and others. The technologies include coal or high sulfur fuel oil gasification and fuel cells.

2. Existing Generation:

For its existing fossil fuel generating units, Hawaiian Electric continuously aims to reduce fuel use (hence CO₂ emissions) per unit of energy generated. To accomplish this, Hawaiian Electric has implemented and will continue to implement plant betterment projects such as control system and plant instrumentation overhauls/upgrades, and is moving towards increasingly automated monitoring of unit operating performance.

Figure 1 shows Hawaiian Electric's CO₂ emissions per kWh for 1990-1995, calculated on a combined system basis for HECO, HELCO, and MECO. In 1990, the Hawaiian Electric system CO₂ emission rate was 1.76 lbs CO₂/kWh. With the exception of 1992, Hawaiian Electric has been able to keep system wide CO₂ emissions at or below the 1990 emission rate. Hawaiian Electric anticipates this to continue, and has therefore established as a Climate Challenge commitment limiting CO₂ emissions per kWh to 1.76 lbs CO₂/kWh, calculated on a combined system wide basis.

The 1.76 lbs CO₂/kWh Climate Challenge commitment is anticipated to be appropriate through the year 2000. Beyond this time frame, however, the possibility of coal fired generation being added to the Hawaiian Electric system, with higher rates of CO₂ emissions on the order of 1.95 lbs CO₂/kWh, must be noted due to the State of Hawaii's identification of coal as a desired means to reduce the State's dependence on oil. Although future generation in Hawaii may include use of coal, particularly on Oahu, Hawaiian Electric plans to offset to the extent practicable the increased CO₂ emissions by continued installation of fuel efficient combined cycle combustion turbine plants. The 1.76 lbs CO₂/kWh emission rate commitment will be reevaluated as necessary to reflect the use of coal fired generation.

B. Demand-Side Management Measures (DSM)

Hawaiian Electric began the following DSM programs in 1996 and will continue these programs, as allowed by the Hawaii Public Utilities Commission, to meet our Climate Challenge commitment to avoid 380,000 tons of CO₂ by the end of the year 2000:

1. Commercial and Industrial Energy Efficiency Programs:

• Ventilation and Cooling (VAC) Program: Promote the purchase and use of higher efficiency air conditioning and humidity control equipment in commercial buildings.
• Commercial Lighting Program: Encourage the commercial sector to retrofit existing lighting systems with high efficiency electronic ballasts, high performance lamps, and reflectors, consistent with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's "Green Lights" Program.
• Commercial Refrigeration Program: Promote high efficiency refrigeration equipment.
• Industrial Motors Program: Promote high efficiency motors to reduce energy use.

2. Commercial and Industrial Custom Rebate Program:

Provide a cost-sharing mechanism to develop other demand-side energy efficiency opportunities.

3. Commercial and Industrial New Construction Program:

Provide design and technical assistance in the areas of air conditioning, lighting, motors and other end uses in the commercial and industrial new construction market.

4. Residential Efficient Water Heating Program (Existing Customers):

Promote the use of high efficiency water heating technologies such as solar water heating, heat pump water heaters, efficient resistance water heaters and low flow shower heads.

5. Residential Efficient Water Heating (New Construction):

Promote solar water heating, heat pump water heaters and high efficiency resistance water heating to developers of new housing projects.

With 1996 as the beginning year of implementation, Table 1 shows forecasted DSM energy and CO₂ savings[3] through the year 2000. On a cumulative basis through the year 2000, the DSM programs will have saved an estimated 431,961 MWh energy, avoiding generation of approximately 380,000 tons of CO₂.

C. Renewable Energy Generation

The use of renewable energy provides environmental benefits. However, cost, reliability, compatibility with existing electrical units, social and environmental impacts must also be taken into account. Despite the challenges of using certain renewable energy technologies, Hawaiian Electric has a long-standing commitment to renewable energy -- by using it as a current energy source when appropriate, and by supporting research, development and demonstration to make it technologically viable for the future. Hawaiian Electric intends to meet its Climate Challenge commitment to purchase or produce at least 500,000 MWh of renewable energy per year via the following:

• waste to energy: HPOWER (municipal reftise), and methane gas generated power from Kapaa Generating Partners;
• geothermal: 25 to 30 MW purchase from Puna Geothermal Venture;
• hydroelectric: HELCO production at Waiau and Puueo, and purchase from Wailuku River Hydroelectric;
• wind: purchases and utility production from wind farms on Oahu, the Big Island, and Maui. Wind farms include Makani Uwila[4], Apollo/Kamaoa, and HELCO Lalamilo[5].

The record of alternate energy purchased by HECO, MECO and HELCO since 1990 is shown in Table 2 and illustrated in Figure 2. It is expected that through the year 2000, with current trends continuing for all alternate energies except biomass[6], at least 500,000 MWh of renewable energy will be purchased or produced by HECO, MECO, and HELCO (combined) each year. This serves to avoid emissions of 440,000 tons of CO₂ annually and 2,200,000 tons of CO₂ cumulatively through the year 2000 (5 year period), based on the fossil fuel generating unit target emission rate of 1.76 lbs CO₂/kWh.

D. Other Hawaiian Electric Company Greenhouse Gas Reduction Activities

Hawaiian Electric commits to the following projects that will control emissions of greenhouse gases:

1. Transmission and Distribution Efficiency Improvements

Improving efficiency in the transmission and distribution of electric energy reduces the amount of power that must be generated, hence decreasing total CO₂ emissions. Measures being taken or evaluated by Hawaiian Electric to minimize transmission and distribution losses are listed below:

• use of amorphous metal transformers (AMT)[8] and other lower loss conventional transformers;
• maximization of voltage of the transmission lines;
• locating future generating units close to load centers;
• increased use of parallel transmission lines (impedance reduction);
• use of capacitors to reduce reactive power losses;
• use of increasingly automated distribution system to allow better monitoring, coordination, and operation;
• optimal placement of shunt capacitors to achieve optimal voltage profiles;
• balancing of phase loading to reduce harmonics and overall phase currents.

2. Renewable Energy Studies and Promotions

Hawaiian Electric has participated and will continue to actively participate in and/or fund[9] renewable energy research, development and demonstration including:

• Funding of over $ 80,000 a year to the Electric Power Research Institute to support renewable energy research projects;
• Studying pumped storage hydroelectric and battery energy storage systems;
• Studying biomass cost and availability;
• Participating in demonstration projects such as Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) on the Big Island; Hawaiian Electric has been a team member in the closed cycle demonstration project at the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii (NELHA) on the Big Island;
• Funding of a University of Hawaii scholar in the Spark Matsunaga Fellows in Renewable Energy Engineering (FREE) program in the geothermal area;
• Funding a University of Hawaii scholar in the H.D. Williamson/Spark Matsunaga FREE program in hydrogen energy research;
• Renewing renewable energy memberships;
• Attending renewable energy workshops, conferences and seminar and visiting renewable energy project sites; and
• Reviewing and evaluating renewable energy reports and articles.

Hawaiian Electric also will continue programs to promote the use of renewable energy systems. Programs previously started and currently in place include:

• The largest solar water heating program in the nation, providing $25 million in cash copayments to encourage use of solar technology in Hawaii's homes and businesses;
• A photovoltaic (PV) program to explore the use of utility-provided solar energy systems for a variety of applications. In 1995, HELCO installed a 15 kW system on a County gymnasium in Kona, funded by a grant from the Utility Photovoltaic group. In addition, HELCO is exploring the use of off-grid solar energy systems as an option for Big Island customers. In 1994, HELCO installed a 1.5 kW off-grid system in a County beach park. HELCO is also constructing and testing pre-packaged PV/battery systems, and is examining a commercial PV demonstration and PV area lighting.

Additionally, the following programs were recently started in 1996:

• Sun Power for Schools, a pilot green pricing program to install small PV systems on several public schools, providing hands-on PV operating experience and promoting renewable energy education; Sun Power for Schools is a partnership between HECO, HELCO, and MECO, its customers, and the State Department of Education. HECO, HELCO, and MECO committed a total of $140,000 over the next two years towards PV installation in this program;
• In December 1996, HECO installed an 18 kW PV system at Hickam Air Force Base, funded by an EPA grant. This project is the third in a series by the EPA to measure, document, and understand the pollution mitigation potential of PV systems installed on residential, commercial and industrial buildings throughout the United States.

These activities are all part of a renewable energy action plan to help in its development. The action plan elements are:

• Implement demand-side management ("DSM") programs that utilize solar renewable resources, and that shift load from on-peak to off-peak periods.
• Streamline and simplify the permitting process for renewable resources.
• Facilitate (through the purchase of power) the implementation of renewable projects that are currently cost-effective.
• Participate in and monitor on-going renewable energy research, development and demonstration ("RD&D") projects, and carry-out supply-side study activities included in Hawaiian Electric's approved IRP Plans.
• Develop and implement a limited number of RD&D projects targeted to Hawaii-specific barriers.
• Implement a "green pricing" program.
• Improve evaluation and consideration of beneficial impacts of renewable energy resources in utility resource planning processes.

3. Local Forestry Management Programs

In addition to participating in the UFCMP forestry initiative, Hawaiian Electric has and will continue to support forestry programs within the State of Hawaii. Recent or ongoing forestry management programs include the following:

• Restoration of native Hawaiian Plant Species[10]
  Native Hawaiian plant species displaced within their former habitats by alien species are planted experimentally, with the goal of planting and establishing native species within electric utility rights-of-way to enhance the quality of the urban forest and provide a more stable low-growing vegetative community that will minimize the magnitude of the current vegetation management program. This project is still in its early phases of progress.
  
• Arbor Day Tree Give Away
  Hawaiian Electric has sponsored an Arbor Day tree-giveaway program in conjunction with The Outdoor Circle, a Hawaii environmental organization. 1000 indigenous trees were given away in 1993 and again in 1996 to Hawaii residents. This program will be repeated on a periodic basis.
  
• Hawaii's Urban Forestry Conference
  This conference is a means by which diverse government agencies, public interest groups, corporations, tree professionals and interested individuals share educational and informational resources on all aspects of the planning, care, and management of Hawaii's urban forest. Begun in 1994 by the Kaulunani -Hawaii the Beautiful- Council[11], this conference takes place every other year. The Kaulunani Council actively participated in and co-sponsored (with the Western Chapter of the International Society of Arboriculture) the 1996 conference.

4. Transportation Programs

• Electric Vehicles
  HECO currently owns 15 electric vehicles in its fleet. This EV usage allows compliance with the vehicular emissions reduction requirements of the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct)[12]. In addition to using EVs in its company fleet, Hawaiian Electric actively promotes and supports EV usage at community fairs and in demonstration programs. Hawaiian Electric recently loaned to the Honolulu Public Transit Authority an electric bus for a downtown shuttle demonstration program; the results of this program, which ended in October 1996, are being evaluated. Hawaiian Electric has also provided EVs to the offices of the Governor of the State of Hawaii and the Mayor of Honolulu.
  
• Mass Transit
  Hawaiian Electric will continue to support employee mass transportation programs. Programs currently in place include providing bus pass subsidies to employees, encouraging employee carpools by providing company owned vehicles and free carpool parking, and running of shuttle buses between company facilities.

5. Education and Information Programs

Hawaiian Electric currently conducts and will continue to conduct the following programs to improve awareness of the importance of energy conservation and safety, and to promote energy-saving technologies[13]:

• Community Education
• HECO in Your Community: semi-annual public information fair at local shopping malls;
• Project LEADER (Leadership for Environmental Action, Dialogue, Evaluation, and Reflection): sponsorship to encourage students to develop a plan of action based on their investigation and evaluation of environmental issues;
• Energy Tips & Choices: information provided to consumers;
• Electron Marathon: electric go-cart vehicle design competition for students;
• Flashbake Oven: sponsorship and demonstration to local food service facilities;
• In Concert with the Environment: education at local schools about energy use in the home and its impact on the environment.

The number of people reached by such programs averages approximately 63,000 annually.

• Hawaiian Electric Speakers Bureau
  Hawaiian Electric sends speakers out to the community to speak about the following subjects:
• Renewable Energy
• Hawaiian Electric's Energy Planning Process
• Electric Vehicles
• Vegetation Management (includes Forestry)
• Energy Efficiency

In 1995, presentations were given to approximately 1,400 individuals from local service, professional, student and seniors groups.

6. Research Investments

Hawaiian Electric is a member of the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). Through EPRI, Hawaiian Electric funds research in areas including those with particular emphasis on greenhouse gases. In 1996, $10,474 was devoted to research on "Utility Greenhouse Gas Risk Management." In 1996, Hawaiian Electric budgeted an additional amount of $575,000 in the following areas of research:

• Non-EPRI: University of Hawaii energy research, technology transfer, renewable energy research
• Local research in:
• photovoltaic[14], wind, and storage power;
• transmission/distribution efficiency;
• chiller efficiency improvements;
• integrated heat-pump water heater & air-conditioner;
• power quality in electronic lighting

Research and development expenditures may vary greatly between years pending PUC approval of projects, hence no estimate can be made for forthcoming expenditures in this area.

Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) Emissions per kWh Energy Generated

Annual CO₂ emissions are calculated using the methodology given in State Workbook: Methodologies for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2d Edition, 1995. For each fossil fuel-fired generating unit, the annual amount of CO₂ emissions is calculated using the following equation:

Tons CO₂ = (annual heat input) * (carbon emission factor) * (oxidation factor) * (molecular ratio of CO₂ to C)

Annual heat input is calculated in 106 Btu/yr from the annual HECO/MECO/HELCO fuel use reports submitted to the Hawaii State Department of health, assuming 150,000 Btu/gal for No. 6 fuel oil and 139,000 Btu/gal for No.2 diesel. The carbon emission factor, expressed in pounds of carbon per 106 Btu, is given in the U.S. EPA document cited above as 47.4 lbs/106 Btu for No. 6 fuel oil and 44.0 lbs/106 Btu for No. 2 diesel. The oxidation factor is also provided in the document as 0.99, and the molecular ratio of CO₂ to C is 44/12.

Annual tons of CO₂ is summed for all units in the HECO/MECO/HELCO system, and divided by the total gross kWh produced by the units to obtain lbs CO₂/kWh.

Annual CO₂ Avoided by Demand Side Management (DSM) Programs

The amount of annual kWh energy saved by DSM programs is reported by the HECO Energy Services Department. DSM savings are the calculated reduction in energy sales for the year based on the actual installation of energy efficient measures. Annual kWh energy savings are multiplied by the system wide average lbs CO₂/kWh emission rate to obtain the annual CO₂ avoided by DSM programs. This calculation will utilize the actual computed lbs CO₂/kWh for that year, rather than the Climate Challenge commitment 1.76 lbs CO₂/kWh emission rate.

Annual CO₂ Avoided by Use of Renewable Energy

The amount of annual kWh renewable energy purchased or generated by HECO/HELCO/MECO is multiplied by the system wide average lbs CO₂/kWh emission rate. This calculation will utilize the actual computed lbs CO₂/kWh for that year, rather than the Climate Challenge commitment 1.76 lbs CO₂/kWh emission rate.

[1] As used in this document, "Hawaiian Electric" includes Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. (HECO) and its subsidiaries Maui Electric Company, Ltd. (MECO), and Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. (HELCO). [Back]

[2] Five projects in the areas of rural tree planting, forest preservation, forest management and research located in Louisiana, California, Oregon, Belize and Malaysia are currently being funded by UtiliTree. [Back]

[3] reductions are with respect to a base (energy sales and demand peak) forecast for each given year [Back]

[4] Future uncertain since New World Power Corp. has left the site. [Back]

[5] HELCO recently received ownership of Lalamilo Wind Farm. [Back]

[6] Biomass energy production is highly dependent on the local sugar industry. As of 1996, all Big Island and Oahu sugar refineries were shut down, and the availability of long term biomass energy from Maui refineries cannot be guaranteed. [Back]

[7] HECO, MECO, and HELCO combined [Back]

[8] These transformers, identified at the 1992 "Earth Summit" as one of the key emerging technologies for energy efficiency improvement and consequent reduction of carbon emissions, can reduce "no load" energy losses by roughly 66 percent compared to ordinary transformers. While AMTs currently cost 15 to 35 percent more than conventional transformers, this premium is expected to decrease significantly as manufacturing capacity expands and further technological improvements are made. Hence, Hawaiian Electric will continue to consider the use of AMTs and other types of low loss transformers. [Back]

[9] 1991-1995 Hawaiian Electric research and development expenditures in the area of renewable energy totaled $810,000. [Back]

[10] Done in conjunction with State DLNR, Div. of Forestry & Wildlife, U.S. Soil Conservation Service, The Outdoor Circle, and the Sierra Club. [Back]

[11] A State regulatory council that selects projects to be awarded federal grants for planting and studying the urban forest. Hawaiian Electric Company is a member and active participant. [Back]

[12] EPAct of 1992 mandates that 30% of new vehicle purchases in 1996 be alternate fueled, 50% in 1997, 70% in 1998, and 90% in 1999 and thereafter. [Back]

[13] Included are the thermal electric grill, cordless mulching mower, cordless weed trimmer, rechargeable halogen lantern, renewable power station, energy saving fax machine, portable power source, countertop water distiller, noise quieting system, cordless vacuum cleaner, a pressure washer (water blaster), and an electric fireplace. [Back]

[14] Hawaiian Electric Company and EPRI are cost-sharing projects in photovoltaic and transmission/distribution research. [Back]

Please send comments to:
Lawrence.Mansueti@hq.doe.gov